图1:人类大脑皮质类器官的衰老相关变化。a体外培养超过13周的H9-ESCs衍生的人脑皮质类器官切片的代表图像，SA-β-gal染色。比例尺bar = 1000µm。虚线框表示放大图像。W代表周。b SA-β-gal面积归一化到H9-ESCs衍生的每个个体类器官总面积的百分比的量化。数据以均数±标准差表示。****P < 0.0001经单向方差分析。独立实验数= 3。分析的类器官总数= 72。 W is week. c Representative images of sections of different ages of human organoids derived from H9-ESCs. Sections were stained with p21 antibody (red) and counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Scale bar = 65 µm. W is week. White dotted box indicates the magnified image. d Quantification of the percentage of total p21+ cells relative to the total number of cells per organoids derived from H9-ESCs. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. **P < 0.001, *P < 0.01 via one-way ANOVA. Number of independent experiments = 3. Total number of analyzed organoids = 63. W is week. e qRT-PCR of p16 and KL at different stages of in vitro culture of human cortical organoids derived from H9-ESCs. All values were normalized to GAPDH levels of their respective samples, and expressed relative to W1 values to obtain the fold change. Data are shown as mean ± standard error mean; Number of independent experiments = 4. Total number of analyzed organoids = 72; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 via one-way ANOVA. W is week. f Western blots showing the protein levels of full-length KL and secreted KL in human cortical organoids derived from H9-ESCs cultured over 13 weeks. Actin was used for normalization. Star indicates the specific band of secreted KL, sKL indicates secreted KL. All blots derive from the same experiment and processed in parallel. g Bar graphs show the quantification of KL, as well as secreted KL levels obtained from f. Data are shown as mean ± standard error mean. The number of independent experiments = 4, total number of examined organoids is 72. sKL indicates secreted KL. h Normalized relative expression values of p16 and KL mRNA obtained from published RNA-seq studies. The fold change was calculated by dividing the normalized mRNA value of different weeks over W1. Data are shown as mean ± standard error mean. W is week. i Heatmap represents the expression of RNA-seq data of senescence increased and decreased markers in cortical organoids derived from iPSCs cultured over different time points. Relative expression data were further normalized between 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest) expression value of individual genes across different time points of organoids culture. Normalized expression values were color-coded with red values indicating upregulation and white values indicating downregulation. W is week. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00070-x
