Expert on environmental pollution and maternal health explains detrimental health effects of BPA
Whether or not you've heard ofthe chemical bisphenol A, better known as BPA,studies show thatit'salmost certainly in your body. BPA is used in the manufacturing of products like plastic water bottles, baby bottles, toys and food packaging, including in the lining of cans.
BPA is oneof manyharmful chemicalsin everyday productsanda poster child for chemicals in plastics. It is probably best known for its presence in baby bottles due to campaigns by organizations such asSafer Chemicals, Healthy Familiesand Breast Cancer Prevention Partners.
An extensive body of research has linked BPA toreproductive health problems, includingendometriosis,infertility,diabetes,asthma,obesityand harmingfetal neurodevelopment.
After years of pressure from environmental and public health advocates, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration agreed in June 2022 toreevaluate the health risksof BPA. This is significant because a vast body of researchhas documented thatBPA is leaching from products and packaginginto our food and drink and ultimately our bodies.
What is BPA?
BPA is not only used in plastics and food and drink containers but also in pizza boxes, shopping receipts, liners of aluminum cans and much more. Scientistshave found that BPAis an endocrine disruptor, which meansit disrupts hormonal systemsthat support the body's functioning and health.
Hormonal disruption is a particular problem during pregnancy andfetal development, when even minor changes can alter the trajectory of developmental processes, includingbrain and metabolic development.
Over the last two decades, public awareness about the risks led many companies to remove BPA from their products. As a result, studies have shown that BPA levels in people's bodiesappear to be decliningin the U.S. However, a nationwide research team that I helped leadas part of a national NIH consortiumshowed in arecent study of pregnant womenthat the decline in BPA could in part be explained by the fact that BPA replacement chemicals have been on the rise over the last 12 years. And other studies have found that many BPA substitutes aretypically just as harmfulas the original.
As an environmental health scientist andprofessor and directorof the University of California, San FranciscoProgram on Reproductive Health and the Environmentwho specializes in how toxic chemicals affect pregnancy and child development, I am part of ascientific panelthat decides if chemicals are reproductive or developmental toxicants for the State of California. In 2015, this committee declaredBPA a reproductive toxicantbecause it has been shown to betoxic to ovaries.
BPA and the FDA
BPA was first approved for useinfood packagingby the FDA in the 1960s. In 2008, the agency released a draft report concluding that "BPA remains safe in food contact materials." This assessment wasmet with pushbackfrom many health advocates and environmental health organizations. The FDA claimed BPA to be "safe in food contact materials" as recently as 2018.
Meanwhile, since 2011, Canada and Europe have taken steps toban or limit BPA in children's products. In 2021, the European Unionproposed "dramatic" decreasesin BPA exposure limitsdue to a growing body of evidence linking BPA to health harms.
One of the major challenges to limitingharmful chemicalsis that regulatory agencies like the FDA try to figure out the levels of exposure that they consider harmful. In the U.S., both the FDA and the Environmental Protection Agency have a long history of underestimating exposures—in some cases because they do not adequately capture "real-world exposures," or because they fail to fully consider how even small exposures can affect vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children.
Latest research
A large body of research has explored BPA'seffects on reproductive health. These studies have also revealed that manyBPA substitutes are potentially even worsethan BPA and have looked at how thesechemicals act in combinationwith other chemical exposures that can also come from a variety of sources.
And while much attention has been paid to BPA's effects on pregnancy and child development, there is also significant research on its effects on malereproductive health. It has been linked toprostate canceranddrops in sperm count.
In a study our research team conducted thatmeasured BPA in pregnant women, we asked study participants if they knew about BPA or tried to avoid BPA. Many of our study participants said they knew about it or tried to avoid it, but we found their actions appeared to have no effect on exposure levels. We believe this is, in part, because of BPA's presence in so many products, some of them known and some unknown that are difficult to control.
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One of the most common questions our staff and clinicians that work with patients are asked ishow to avoid harmful chemicalslike BPA and BPA substitutes. A good rule of thumb is to avoid drinking and eating from plastics, microwaving food in plastic and using plastic take-out containers—admittedly easier said than done. Even some paper take-out containers can be lined with BPA or BPA substitutes.
Ourrecent review of the researchfound that avoiding plastic containers and packaging, fast and processed foods and canned food and beverages, and instead using alternatives like glass containers and consuming fresh food, can reduce exposures to BPA and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Research has shown that whenheat comes into contact with plastic—whether water bottles, Tupperware, take-out containersor cans—BPA and other chemicals are more likely to leach into the food inside. One should also avoid putting hot food into a food processor or putting plastic containers into the dishwasher. Heat breaks down the plastic, and while the product might appear fine, the chemicals are more likely to migrate into the food or drink—and ultimately, into you.
We also know that when acidic foods like tomatoes are packaged in cans,they have higher levels of BPAin them. And the amount of time food is stored in plastic or BPA-lined cans can also be a factor in how much the chemicals migrate into the food.
No matter how much people do as individuals, policy change is essential to reducing harmful chemical exposures. A large part of our work at UCSF'sProgram on Reproductive Health and the Environmentis to holdregulatory agenciesaccountable for assessing chemical risks and protecting public health. What we have learned is that it is essential for agencies like the EPA and FDA to use the most up-to-date science and scientific methods to determine risk.
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This article is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.
