Large-scale analysis documents air pollution effects on brain regions associated with emotions

People who breathe polluted air experience changes within the brain regions that control emotions, and as a result, they may be more likely to develop anxiety and depression than those who breathe cleaner air. These are the key findings of a systematic review that my colleagues and I recently published inthe journalNeuroToxicology．

Our interdisciplinary team reviewed more than 100 research articles from both animal andhuman studiesthat focused on the effects of outdoor airpollutiononmental healthand regions of thebrainthat regulate emotions. The three main brain regions we focused on were the hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.

In our analysis, 73% of the studies reported higher mental health symptoms and behaviors in humans and animals, such as rats, that were exposed to higher than average levels of air pollution. Some exposures that led to negative effects occurred in air pollution ranges that are currently considered "safe" by theEnvironmental Protection Agency's standards．此外,我们发现95%的研究examining brain effects found significant physical and functional changes within the emotion-regulationbrain regionsin those exposed to increased levels of air pollution.

Most of these studies found that exposure to elevated levels of air pollution is associated with increased inflammation and changes to the regulation of neurotransmitters, which act as the brain's chemical messengers.

Research into the physical health effects associated with air pollution exposure, such as asthma and respiratory issues, have beenwell documentedfor decades.

But only over the last 10 years or so have researchers begun to understand how air pollution can affect the brain. Studies have shown that small air pollutants, such asultrafine particlesfrom vehicle exhaust, can affect the brain eitherdirectly, by traveling through the nose and into the brain, orindirectly, by causing inflammation and altered immune responses in the body that can then cross into the brain.

At the same time, researchers are increasingly documenting the association between air pollution and its negative effects on mental health.

Unfortunately, research suggests thatair pollution will only worsenasclimate changeintensifies and carbon emissions remainunregulated．

For this reason, more research into the health effects of air pollution exposure that goes beyond respiratory health outcomes into the realm of biological psychiatry is badly needed. For instance, the neurobiological mechanisms through which air pollution increases risk for mental health symptoms are still poorly understood.

In addition to our primary findings, our team also identified some notable gaps within the research that need to be addressed in order to paint a fuller picture of the relationship between air pollution and brain health.

Relatively few studies examined the effects of air pollution exposure duringearly life, such as infancy and toddlerhood, and in childhood and adolescence. This is especially concerning given that the braincontinues to developuntil young adulthood and therefore may be particularly susceptible to the effects of air pollution.

We also found that within the studies investigating air pollution effects on the brain, only 10 were conducted in humans. While research on animals has extensively shown that air pollution can cause a host ofchanges within the animal brain, the research on how air pollution affects the human brain is much more limited. What's more, most of the existing brain studies in humans have focused on physical changes, such as differences in overall brain size. More research is needed that relies on a technique called functional brain imaging, which could enable researchers like us to detect subtle or smaller changes that may occur before physical changes.

In the future, our team plans to use brain imaging methods to study how air pollution increases the risk of anxiety during adolescence. We plan to use a variety of techniques, includingpersonal air monitorsthat children can wear as they go about their day, allowing us to more accurately assess their exposure.

This article is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article．